Labor Discrimination in US Economy

Chapter by chapter guide Research Methods and Techniques Research Findings Interpretations of the Findings Biasness Recommendations Evidence for Wage Discrimination Works Cited Bertrand and Mullainathan directed an exploration on work separation in the US economy. The target of the scientists was to decide the connection between racial separation and the pace of work in the US economy. Subsequently the primary inquiry that they attempted to address was, â€Å"what is the impact of race in deciding the odds of finding a new line of work in the US work market?†Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Labor Discrimination in US Economy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research on the business inclines in the US work showcase uncovers a significant level of racial disparity (Bertrand and Mullainathan 991). Individuals from various races have various chances of getting utilized. Occupation candidates of White source have a superior possibility of lan ding positions when contrasted with African-Americans. The Whites were seen as twice probably not going to be jobless when contrasted with African-Americans† (Bertrand and Mullainathan 992). The examination discoveries likewise show that African-Americans were â€Å"paid 25% less on normal when they are utilized in different employment categories† (Bertrand and Mullainathan 992). The discoveries were steady over all enterprises. Therefore, different partners in the business are keen on discovering the reasons for the gigantic hole in work between the Whites and the African-Americans in the market. It is against this setting the explores examined the impact of race in deciding the odds of getting utilized. The discoveries will help in figuring work laws that can help in guaranteeing fairness in the market. Balance will prompt productivity in the market by improving ideal portability of work. Exploration Methods and Techniques The specialists utilized field investigations to contemplate the examination question (Bertrand and Mullainathan 993). The field explore included correspondence testing (Bertrand and Mullainathan 993). This implies the explores were keen on discovering the rate at which the businesses reacted to the resumes that were sent by various races in light of occupation adverts. Along these lines the callback rate was the primary variable that was estimated in the investigation. The examination was done in Chicago and Boston (Bertrand and Mullainathan 993). The exploration was structured as follows. The analysts arranged a few continues and relegated names to them haphazardly. Half of the resumes had African-America names and the other half had names that are related with Whites. The utilization of various names was intended to â€Å"manipulate the apparent race† (Bertrand and Mullainathan 994). The invented resumes were then sent in light of different occupation adverts in Chicago and Boston (Bertrand and Mullainathan 994). The specialists arranged more than 5,000 continues and reacted to more than one thousand 300 occupation adverts (Bertrand and Mullainathan 994).Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The huge number of resumes helped in improving the precision of the discoveries since an enormous example size is progressively delegate. The resumes were isolated into two classes in particular, the high-caliber and the low-quality resumes. The top notch resumes were related with candidates with high capabilities while low-quality resumes were related with candidates who had low capability. The high-caliber and low-quality resumes were allocated an equivalent number of names for Whites and African-Americans. The criticisms that were gotten according to the applications filled in as the essential information for the examination. The information was factually broke down and was utilized to exami ne the connection among race and the odds of finding a new line of work in Boston and Chicago. Examination Findings The discoveries of the exploration were as per the following. There was an extraordinary contrast in the quantity of callbacks that were gotten for the resumes that had different racial names. The candidates that were related with Whites’ names got one require each ten continues that they sent (Bertrand and Mullainathan 995). The individuals who had African-Americans’ names got one require each fifteen continues that they sent. This demonstrated a half hole in the quantity of calls that were gotten by the different races. â€Å"The distinction was seen as measurably significant† (Bertrand and Mullainathan 995). The examination likewise uncovers that race impacted the manner in which managers remunerated the candidates for having better continues. Whites who had top notch resumes had the option to build their odds of finding a new line of work by 30 % when contrasted with the Whites whose resumes were of low-quality (Bertrand and Mullainathan 995). Notwithstanding, for the African-Americans having a top notch continue didn't essentially build the odds of finding a new line of work when contrasted with African-Americans who had low-quality resumes. This implies the aptitudes that were controlled by the African-Americans had little impact in improving their odds of being utilized. Businesses wanted to recruit White candidates who lived in â€Å"wealthy neighborhoods or neighborhoods that were related with significant levels of education† (Bertrand and Mullainathan 996). Be that as it may, the African-Americans who lived in a similar neighborhood (affluent) didn't have a superior possibility of being utilized when contrasted with their partners who lived in low-class neighborhoods. There was no connection between's the racial holes that existed in different industry and the evaluation based racial holes (Bertrand and Mulla inathan 996). The racial holes as estimated by callback rates were â€Å"statically huge in all ventures and occupation classes that were shrouded in the research† (Bertrand and Mullainathan 996).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Labor Discrimination in US Economy explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More with regards to taste hypothesis of segregation, the scientists clarified that their discoveries showed that the businesses liked to utilize Whites when contrasted with African-Americans. This implies the businesses connected the Whites with better characteristics as thought about than the African-Americans. The employers’ inclination for the Whites depended on the discernment that Whites are a superior race when contrasted with African-Americans. This clarifies why the ownership of top notch resumes didn't improve the odds of finding a new line of work among the African-Americans. With regards to factual separation hypothesis, the busi nesses connected the Whites with high profitability when contrasted with the African-Americans. Since the businesses are not daring people they want to utilize Whites who will promise them high profitability in return of high compensation rates. This clarifies the distinction in the pay rate among Whites and the African-Americans. Understandings of the Findings The resumes that were allocated names that are related with Whites got an opportunity of 9.65% of getting a callback (Bertrand and Mullainathan 997). Resumes that had comparative capabilities yet had names that are related with African-Americans had 6.5% possibility of getting a callback. This demonstrates a half contrast in the callback rate (Bertrand and Mullainathan 997). The thing that matters was viewed as factually noteworthy (Bertrand and Mullainathan 997). The Whites who had top notch resumes had the option to build their odds of finding a new line of work by 27%. Then again, the African-Americans who had excellent re sumes had the option to build their odds of finding a new line of work by just 6.7%. This distinction was likewise seen as measurably huge. In this manner they inferred that race was utilized as a separation factor in business. Biasness The creators were fair-minded because of the accompanying reasons. Initially, the quantity of resumes that had names that are related with Whites was equivalent to the quantity of those that had names that are related with African-Americans. This implies the two races had an equivalent chance of being utilized. Second, the example size was huge enough to speak to the populace. Consequently the ends that were made utilizing the research’s discoveries are fair. At long last, the scientists considered the impacts of segment factors, for example, sex, age and local locations (Bertrand and Mullainathan 1000). Proposals The end that businesses â€Å"inferred social class from names† (Bertrand and Mullainathan 997), depended on sentiment inste ad of exact proof. The scientists didn't utilize essential information to measurably explore the connection among names and employers’ view of social classes.Advertising Searching for article on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Their decision depended on the conviction that African-Americans have a place with the lower social class in the general public. The end likewise repudiates the way that living in wealthier neighborhoods didn't expand the odds of landing positions among the African-Americans. In this way, the specialists ought to have directed an examination so as to decide the connection between the names and the employers’ view of social class. For instance, meetings or studies could have been utilized to acquire data concerning employers’ impression of social class and how it influenced their selection of representatives. Proof for Wage Discrimination The discoveries of the examination are predictable with the patterns in the US work showcase. It is clear that the Whites are paid better when contrasted with African-Americans who have a similar degree of capability. Workers from the two race

Crime Rates Essay Example for Free

Crime Percentages Essay What we ordinarily have as a top priority when we talk about the crime percentages is a verifiable truth that crime percentages are expanding. So,people who are identified with this issue should attempt to discover an answer in order to take care of the issue .Up to now numerous nations have attempted to diminish crime percentages. However,many of them have fizzled .Everybody has a huge jobs in order to diminish the crime percentages, for example, guardians and governments. Above all else, it merits remembering that guardians should prepare their kids so youngsters won't change the crime percentages . Thus,crime rates won't increment . Guardians should bring issues to light their youngsters on the grounds that as indicated by investigate directed kids who are cognizant about wrongdoing don't perpetrate a wrongdoing other than guardians ought not leave unattended their kids on the grounds that by and large meandering kids have measure of effect on the wrongdoing rates.Also guardians ought to be keen on their kids .Experts said that slummy individual include in a wrongdoing effectively .Therefore guardians deal with their kids. Peruse more:Â Increasing Crime Rate in Todays Society in India It is to wrap things up governments should make arrangement as battle with violations since specialists accept that just if governments join significance to crime percentages , would they be able to diminish the crime percentages .Governments ought to give types of gear to defeat to crimes.Thanks to more types of gear , governments can lessen the crime percentages .Governments ought to be in contact with different governments on the grounds that expanding of the crime percentages are not appear to be only one government.So, they can help each other about this circumstance. To summarize Ä ±t ought to be noticed that guardians have a lot of impact as lessening the crime percentages .Nowadays every fragment of society is searching for an approach to explain as decline the crime percentages.

Your Guide to the Essay Writing Process

Your Guide to the Essay Writing ProcessThesis writing is a major part of the academic writing process. When a student completes their thesis, it becomes their official statement on a given subject or topic and helps them move into their profession. Though it seems that your thesis is the most important part of your study, you should understand the importance of thesis writing.Not all students are good at writing a thesis and not all students who are good at writing a thesis will be able to finish one as the great part of thesis writing is to think of a thesis for students who lack the expertise in this field. The thesis writing may also depend on the subject or topic of the research. This is because a certain topic may not lend itself well to a thesis.When a student is studying something, one of the key parts of the study is the writing of a thesis. This can take a huge amount of time and if it is not finished, the student may lose interest in their studies. Before the start of the t hesis writing, it is important to make sure that the student has a clear idea of what he or she wants to write about.The main purpose of the thesis writing is to inform the reader that the student has undertaken research work on the subject of the thesis. After all the relevant and required information has been gathered, it is important to show how the research was done and the methods used. Some of the types of papers that are required by students include the following:On the first day of the semester, the student will have a special seminar or lectures that are required to prepare the students for their thesis. Students will then have two weeks for their thesis to be completed. Before starting the thesis writing, the student will be asked to complete the original research papers and also a thesis summary paper. It is very important to get the needed permission from the professor before starting the thesis writing.To begin the thesis writing, the student will need to choose an area to concentrate on. Most of the professors require the student to focus on the topic. He or she must outline the research they have done and ensure that it is well organized.Once the student has decided on the topic, he or she must be sure that the content is comprehensive. With the thesis summary paper, the student can then begin with the actual writing of the thesis. The student needs to make sure that all the material is properly organized and written.The student should therefore make sure that the paper is unique and has its own presentation. With this, the student can use it for a class presentation or for a different type of class. The thesis writing is a major part of thesis writing and it is important to make sure that the student has done their best in the first days of class.

An Introduction to Architecture

Impact Robert Frosts Poetry on Society - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 771 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Robert Frost Essay Did you like this example? The poet Robert Frost became famous through the impact of his poems on society during his time. In Robert Frosts two poems Mending Wall and The Cow in Apple Time, he utilizes extended metaphors to convey the futility of creating boundaries with walls. The literary elements found throughout The Cow in Apple Time help convey the meaning of the extended metaphor that compares the cow to humans in real life; the extended metaphor also conveys that sometimes walls(both metaphorically and physically) are unnecessary and can be a waste of effort and time. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Robert Frosts Poetry on Society" essay for you Create order In The Cow in Apple Time, the cow encounters a wall and thinks no more of[the] wall than an open gate(2), which then causes trouble for the owner of the apple orchard. Because the cow still gets to the other side, the wall poses as a useless obstacle. Frost compares the cow breaking the wall and taking the apples to people in real life getting past barriers. At some point, people have to reconnect, which makes these walls pointless as the people still get together which the wall was trying to prevent. The cow also runs from tree to tree where lie sweeten[d](7) apples and eats them. The cow eats more apples than it needs, so the owner loses more apples than he might have otherwise. The cow running from tree to tree to quickly eat the apples can be compared to how people in real life know that they might have to go back to the other side of the wall. The fear in these people causes them to move fast, as the cow did. The cow ate many apples very quickly which causes her to get sick and her udder shrivels and the milk goes dry(11). The fact that the cow ate the apples quickly, and got sick from it, demonstrates that the cow is in a rush and might not have the chance to eat the apples later on which reveals that the wall motivates the cow to eat more apples. As a result, the cow gets sick and Frost uses this image to imply that walls only create more problems for the people they are separating. The people get across anyways, and as a result, the wall is pointless because it did not do what it was meant to do. This relates to many political, religious, and physical b orders in real life that are in place for many unnecessary reasons. In his poem Mending Wall, Frost employs the extended metaphor between people in society and the wall itself to convey that walls are sometimes built for unnecessary reasons. The speaker and his neighbor have different beliefs of the wall that separates them, and after it breaks, the two meet to walk the line/ And set the wall between us once again(13-15). Although the two build the wall together the speaker would ask what he was walling in or walling out() and questions whether the wall should even be built in the first place, indicating that the wall might be unnecessary. The speakers questioning of the wall illustrates a persons need to express his thoughts which is denied when these useless walls are built. while building the wall, the neighbor brings a stone grasped firmly by the top/ In each hand, like an old-stone savage armed(39-40). This simile compares the neighbor to an old-stone savage armed which implies that the neighbor is acting not on his own will, but rather the will of his father, which explains why Frost chose to say old-stone; to show that the neighbor followed archaic beliefs. According to the speaker, the neighbor moves in darkness(41) and will not go behind his fathers saying(43). The darkness that the neighbor is moving in symbolizes the ignorance in his actions as he is only following the beliefs of his ancestors and not his own and because of this does not question the decision to rebuild the wall. He was told and always says Good fences make good neighbors'() and continues to follow this belief that was not his own but his fathers just as the idea to rebuild the wall was. People should sometimes build walls, but in the case of the neighbor and the speaker, it is not there for any particular reason and is an unnecessary border that has separated the two persons and exists because of archaic beliefs. Frost uses the extended metaphor of these two poems to represent the unnecessary creation of borders that separate ideas that do not need to be separated. ADD BRIDGE. Walls can be found everywhere but can sometimes be unnecessary.

My Achievements in Dynamic Leadership - 811 Words

Executive Summary: This assignment sets out my achievements from the course â€Å"Dynamic Leadership†. The course we studied combines interactive online learning and self- study of different articles, theories, and leadership-followership relationships. For the past eight weeks of study and beyond, we have been developing a wide range of skills to become an effective leader. These skills includes, understanding one’s self, the ability to motivate others and understand organizational culture and manage any ambiguity. We started off by evaluating our personal and professional transformation by analyzing strength and weaknesses, values and principles, decision-making ability and conflict resolution. We also explored the leadership in troubled times by evaluating what makes effective leadership, how they think, their management styles, and the impact on their followers and organization. The topics of study included: †¢ Key leadership concepts with application to authentic situation; †¢ Personal leadership and competency assessment; personal and professional development planning; †¢ And some ethical values - based leadership decision-making skills. These activities will benefit my organization in the future by practical application of the acquired skills sets and transfer of knowledge. I believe this is an important part of my development as an Associated Director of my firm and as a future leader. The contents and assignments that has helped meShow MoreRelatedPrincipals Leadership Style Indirect Influence Studentssuccess1365 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper Does principal’s leadership style indirect influence students’ success in elementary schools? Introduction The leadership style of school’s principals in U.S. elementary schools plays an indirect role in the academic success of students when is implicit a transformational approach in the principal’s behavior. I mentioned indirect impact, because the truly direct impact is toward the teachers, which, as a transitivity effect, impact as well the academic achievement of their students. The purposeRead MoreImproving Student Academic Achievement Gap908 Words   |  4 PagesThe achievement gap is unfortunately the disparity in academic performance of groups of students. The achievement gap has affected students for many years from grades, standardized tests, course selection, and dropout rates. Researchers studied and assessed the measures that exist in academic performance to validate this term we know as the â€Å"Achievement Gap†. Why are we still talking about the achievement gap in the 21st century? Researchers and public policy officials are examining the dimension sRead MoreThe Case Of Innostat, The Main Issue On The Culture Of The Organization1190 Words   |  5 Pagesenergy for the organization in order to reach the goals. Hence, Innostat is now struggling to bring back its innovating edge. By referring to the Burke-Litwin Model (1992), it can be seen that there is an interconnectedness of four factors including leadership, culture, work unit climate and motivation which the effects will be analyze using the same model shortly. Ultimately, this analysis proposes that the most crucial issue to be addressed in the case of Innostat is culture, as it can clearly be seenRead MoreStudent Name: Lingenfelser, Sarah Amanda.850 Words   |  4 Pagespersistence, vitality, charisma, and integrity. On the basis of these 10 qualities, discuss the best leader you have ever had Student Answer: Mindy Lill has by far been the strongest leader I have ever had. She was the community manager at my first property as an assistant manager. She and I were both newly promoted to our positions but from the start she had a clear vision on how the property would be ran. She was enthusiastic about guiding our team to offering the best customer serviceRead MoreThe Achievement Gap Has Affected Students For Many Years797 Words   |  4 PagesThe achievement gap is unfortunately a commonality in America citizens’ language. The achievement gap has affected students for many years. Research has demonstrated the controversies that exist on the causes of the gap, but still we are talking about it in the 21st century. Researchers and public policy officials are examining the dimensions of the achievement gap in America’s school. Unfortunately, the lack of addressing the â€Å"real problem† will continue to impose heavy and often tragic consequencesRead More Leadership Accountability : What Can I Be?1209 Words   |  5 Pages Leadership Accountability â€Å"Accountability is an obligation or willingness to accept responsibility or to account for one s actions (http://www.meriamwebster.com/dictionary/accountability)†. To be accountable you must learn to lead the way by evaluating yourself and asking questions such as: â€Å"What am I doing well?†, â€Å"What can I be doing better?†, â€Å"Are my priorities in place?†, â€Å"Are there some trainings that would be helpful for me in my development?† These evaluations must become a daily event inRead MoreA Telephone Service For Anyone Who Has Been Affected By Hearing Loss963 Words   |  4 Pagesabout the service the company provides and its quality. According to our lecture, leadership is defined as an action which involves; causing others to understand and agree to needs/wants, accomplishing objectives, helping individuals’ and encourages contributions in order to achieve results. Mr. Inkley relates very closely to the basic leadership known as Transformational as well as Herzberg’s theory. Other leadership characteristics he possess are; Direction, Communication, Interpersonal Skills, ValueRead MoreThe Vision And Values Of Hhi Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pagescreating a goal to help participants gain a better quality of life (Horizon House, Inc., 2016). The vision and values of HHI is shared among all staff through the various principles of transformational leadership. The leadership within HHI incorporates the four principles of transformational leadership in the practical settings of the organization. For instance, the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) ensures that all Directors, Managers, and Direct Care Staff know and understand the vision and the purposeRead MoreMy Greatest Challenge As A Group Facilitator1739 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership is the process by which one person can influence an individual or a group into the completion of a goal or an objective. The ability to inspire and motivate others stems from his or her capacity to efficiently manage time and people. I was recently placed in a leadership position, where I facilitate a group of clients who are low-functioning schizophrenic adults at a mental institution. My role as a group facilitator, which I sometimes view as teaching, is to guide and teach members theRead MoreMy Learning Plan For The Future979 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership Forward Continuous learning and professional development are necessary parts of staying abreast of current leadership topics and practical applications. This is especially the case in the context of the dynamic world of today’s organizations and global economy. My learning plan for the future includes taking advantage of free online courses in leadership and human resources and reading related periodical and journal articles online. In particular, I desire to learn more about the following

Regulations of Income Tax Assessment Act

Question: Discuss about the Regulations of Income Tax Assessment Act. Answer: Introduction: As per the regulations of Australian Taxation Office, assessable income includes ordinary income, income from profession or business, income from other sources as well as income from personal services. According to the regulations of Income Tax Assessment Act 1997, income from personal service is referred to as income from personal exertion, which is earned by the individuals out of personal skills and efforts. Further, in case the income received from business or profession incorporates income received more than 50% out of expertise then such income is referred as income from personal exertion. In the present case, Hilary is a famous mountain climber who wrote her life story without any assistance and received $10,000 as copyright. It has been mentioned that Hilary never wrote a story before therefore assigned all the rights and interest in the copyright for story writing. Further, Hilary received income amounted to $5,000 from the sale of manuscript and amount $2000 from the sale of various pictures that she clicked while mountain climbing. Considering the explanations provided under Australian Taxation Law on ordinary income as well as income from personal exertion, it could be noted that the profession of Hilary has been a mountaineer but the income received was from her personal skills. Hilary wrote the story for the first time and received payment after it was published, hence income earned from story writing is considered to be income from personal exertion. In addition, income from sale of manuscripts and sale of mountain climbing pictures will be considered as income from personal exertion since Hilary has received the income out of her expertise. Further, it can be said that any receipt of income cannot be considered as an ordinary income under the regulations of Australian Taxation Office since; ordinary income constitutes income from business and profession. If any income received for individuals skills and expertise then such income is assessed as income from personal services as per the rules of Australian Taxation System. In addition, ordinary income should include the pre- requisite of providing real gain to the assessee while income from personal exertion may not incorporate the requisite of real gain to the individual. Accordingly, in the present situation, Hilary received income from writing a book based on the mountain climbing that assigns all her rights and interest as the book has been written personally. In addition, income received for sale of manuscripts and pictures also considered as personal instead of income from profession because sale of manuscripts or pictures was not a regular activity. Therefore, all the three incomes received by Hilary are income from personal exertion and not as an ordinary income. Reference List Ato.gov.au (2017) Home Page https://www.ato.gov.au Austlii.edu.au (2017) Australasian Legal Information Institute (Austlii) https://www.austlii.edu.au Benczr, P., Ktay, G., Kiss, . and Rcz, O.M. Income taxation, transfers and labour supply at the extensive margin (2014). Bird, R.M. and Zolt, E.M. Redistribution via taxation: the limited role of the personal income tax in developing countries.Annals of Economics and Finance,(2014) 15(2), pp.625-683. Chirelstein, M. and Zelenak, L.Federal Income Taxation, 13th (Concepts and Insights Series) (2015). West Academic. Dafermos, Y. and Papatheodorou, C. Linking functional with personal income distribution: a stock-flow consistent approach.International Review of Applied Economics,(2015) 29(6), pp.787-815.

Personal Statement Tips for International Legal Professionals

If you are applying to law school as an international candidate already working in your country as a lawyer, the best way to win over your reader in the opening of your essay is to be clear not just about your goals but also about your overseas academic background. This can often require a two-part introduction in your law school personal statement. Below are some personal statement tips to help get you started.The first paragraph of your introduction can address your goals, ideally in three sentences. With your goal statement, three sentences is the best approach. Open with a statement of your long-term goal in the law, ideally referring to a specific organization, especially if you are being sponsored by that organization. The second sentence can flesh out the first with specifics of the targeted role(s) and responsibilities. Your third sentence could offer the qualities and characteristics that you bring to the program. This would be just one approach. But most candidates forget t hat your reader wants above all to know (1) where (in what country) you eventually intend to practice law and (2) what kind of academic program you are coming from as an international candidate.This is why, if you are an international candidate, it can be worth your while to develop a separate three- or four-sentence paragraph describing your overseas academic credentials and current role as a legal professional. Remember that your reader in the United States may not know about the legal education system in your country or about what an undergraduate degree (or graduate degree, for that matter) qualifies a lawyer for in your country. It is important as a courtesy to provide this information to your reader, in clear and concise form. The absence of this information is the biggest problem that I encounter as an editor of international candidates’ law school personal statements.The other thing to remember, if you are an international candidate and especially if you are being spo nsored by the organization for which you work, is that playing to your role in an organization can be even better for you as an international candidate than offering your own personal achievements and goals in the law.This is because of the tendency that candidates have in law school personal statements to talk about â€Å"changing the world† (or words to that effect). But this is a clichà ©, isn’t it? It becomes much less of a clichà © if you can say something like this:I want to change the world, especially in the area of [say what you want to change], and I can see this happening right now at [Company/Law Firm Name, as a result of their work in†¦]. I am pursuing the [JD, LLM] in the hope of contributing to [projects, etc.]. With the degree from [School Name], I’ll be able to achieve these goals of mine with [Company Name].Suddenly, your hopes to â€Å"change the world† have become much less nebulous and generic and appear far more grounded in th e actual work that you do for a firm and that you want to do. Now you actually have a plan to change the world. This focus on a firm’s work and mission – and how it has affected yours – can also telegraph the qualities of loyalty and humility. These are two of the most valued qualities in candidates.Of course, it is fine if you do not want to identify a specific organization in terms of your short-term or long-term goals.But coming back to what I said above: Don’t forget that if you are applying as an international candidate, the first question in the mind of your reader (even before reading your law school personal statement) is this: In what country are you eventually intending to practice law? The sooner you answer this question in your essay, the sooner the reader can get on with your content – because if your reader is not sure of the answer to this question, the reader will be distracted throughout the essay. So as a courtesy to your reader, be clear about this.

The Movie Industry

The Movie Industry Introduction The movie industry refers to the businesses that primarily deal with the exhibition of movies. It comprises of the film festival exhibitors, cinemas, outdoor and drive-in movie theaters. The PESTLE comprises of the political, economic, social, technological, legal and environmental factors. Both PESTLE forces and the Porter’s forces affect the performance of the movie industry.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Movie Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The paper will discuss the forces as well as evaluate the main strategic issues affecting the movie theatres. In addition, strategic initiatives that can help exhibitors in handling the strategic issues will be evaluated (Katkin 6). PESTLE Forces The meaning of the PESTLE analysis entails evaluating each of the PESTLE components and the way in which they influence the movie industry. Political factors The government plays a major role i n the way the movie industry operates. Some governments protect intellectual rights and patents for the movie industry. The protection of intellectual properties helps in preventing the copying of technological processes that negatively affects the company profits, sales and product prices. Government’s role in the release of films affects the industry (Katkin 6). Some jurisdictions control the release of films by protecting morals and culture, banning movies regarded as highly sexual and with violent subject matter and regulating the content of each movie. This is associated with the uncertainty regarding the date of the release of the movies. In addition, the movie industry is subject to the FCC, as well as the regulations imposed upon it. This affects the production of film and TV due to the fines imposed by the FCC (Slamanig 1). Economic Factors The industry is extremely expensive, which makes it very valuable to capture a small portion of the market share. The movie indu stry has a high cost of capital that makes it difficult for new firms to enter the industry (Slamanig 2). This is due to the high cost of production associated with movie products.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic forces such as the recession and high unemployment rates negatively affect movie attendance. This occurs when theatre owners charge higher ticket prices in order to maintain the sales for box office (Slamanig 2). Technological Factors There are several technological changes taking place in the movie industry over time. The use of internet platforms to facilitate entertainment has led to the growth of the industry in meeting advertisers concerns on the reduction in advertising opportunities due to piracy (Slamanig 4). In addition, the use of mobile devices and the introduction of the new video format shows the level at which advancement in tec hnology has propelled the movie industry to achieving higher quality. It is therefore essential for companies to adapt to the new technology that deals with online streaming in order to remain relevant in the industry (Slamanig 4). Legal Factors The movie industry has set a line between what it may or may not produce. There are different regulators who monitor the operation of the industry. Companies that engage in activities not allowed by the law, faces litigations that attract huge fines and penalties (Katkin 4). The legal environment has recently allowed the companies in the movie industry to buy phone companies as part of their franchise. This can help the movie industry in integrating into other fields, thereby creating bundles for generating more customer loyalty as well as the ability to raise switching costs, hence creating a barrier to entry (Partridge 76). Social Factors The frequent changes in moviegoers in different age groups affect the performance of the movie industr y. Movie and film venues that cater for the older group get higher real revenue in the short and long run. These moviegoers often drive the industry. The increased use of websites by customers affects the movie industry (Partridge 76). Theatres currently compete with other movie viewing options such as cell phones, televisions and computers. This has made theatres to become one of the many options available for consumers to watch a film. As a result, several theatre chains have gone bankrupt and eventually closed. The movie industry is also highly affected by piracy over the internet as well as the physical copies (Slamanig 3).Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on The Movie Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Environmental Factors Environment plays a role during the production process and the climate and location may either lower or raise costs. The rise in the environmental concerns of individuals all over th e globe influences the movie industry to some degree. The movie industry must address issues related to noise pollution and global (Katkin 7). Porter’s Forces Analysis of the porter’s factor model demonstrates the way in which they influence the whole movie industry. One of the forces is the competitive rivalry. This involves the level of rivalry that exists between companies in the movie industry. The bigger companies in the industry represent a large portion of the market share making it difficult for smaller firms to compete effectively (Katkin 2). This is the main reason the industry has high profitability due to the existing competition between the large companies. This has led to the high competitive landscape in the industry (Katkin 2). The other Porters force is the threat of new entrants. This force has been on the rise recently. Media streaming has attracted a high demand, thereby raising the threat of new entry. The increase in licensing agreements in the in dustry affects or rather puts the providers of entertainment at risk (Katkin 2). The increase in the number of new entrants in the industry who are able to produce programming increases the levels of competition in the market. High costs of productions acts as a barrier of entry to new entrants. Most of the existing firms’ use economies of scale in their production. This reduces production costs while making it very costly for new entrants (Cheverton 30). The customers bargaining power is moderate in the movie the industry. Customers are able to choose among the several available companies providing the movie services on which to spend their money. There are several products in the industry from which customers can make a choice. The choice of the consumers creates impact on the ratings, which, in turn, affects the expenditure of advertising (Cheverton 30). When companies fail to produce high quality products, then customers bargaining power comes into play by switching, ther eby reducing the advertising expenditure making it possible for competitors to capture it. There are now different segments of consumers in the industry due to growth of delivery methods. Companies that satisfy all the segments remain competitive in the market (Hill and Gareth 43).Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the movie industry, the suppliers bargaining power is low. Most of the suppliers in the movie industry are easily controlled by the movie companies. This makes it difficult for the suppliers to act freely and they are thereby, left at the will of the industry (Katkin 4). Threat of substitutes is the other Porter’s force. Competitors in the industry together with new entrants both also act as substitutes of products in the business. There are increased entertainment substitutes in the industry in addition to theatre, TV and film (Katkin 4). These substitutes have taken steps that have made them more competitive in the industry. For instance, the showing of movies in plays has recently increased in popularity, which acts as a substitute for other forms of entertainment. The advancement in technology has increased the availability of different substitutes in the industry (Katkin 4). Profitability model The movie tickets purchased by movie watchers highly determines the profit ability model of the movie industry. Additionally, movie theatres sell other items such as popcorns to those who attend the movies. This refers to as the concession sales. Some studies indicate that concession sales represent almost 40 percent of the total net income of movie theatres (Katkin 4). The markup generated from the sale of tickets is small as compared to that of concession sales. Those who operate the movie theatres charge low prices for tickets in order to attract a large volume of viewers. The viewers thereby end up purchasing concessions that are highly priced. This in turn increases the company profitability. The current attendance is at lower levels and in order for the theatre operators to compensate for the reduced ticket sales, they have increased the prices of the tickets, but more significant is the highly increased prices of secondary items such as popcorns (Silver 3). Strategic Issues Digital technology is one of the strategic issues affecting the movie theatr e industry. New technologies affect different media verticals including video games, TV, film and music. This in turn affects the advertising industry, the management of digital rights and management of customer relationships. The emergence of these digital markets will therefore affect the volume of sales and overall profitability of the movie industry since most consumers will turn to digital technologies instead of attending movie theatres (Silver 3). Strategic Actions The changes in the digital technology when well analyzed can create opportunities that come up with them that yield success in the business. Content owners can therefore deploy multi-format contents of delivery platforms so that they may be able to utilize or rather maximize the revenue opportunities that accrue from the use of the new digital markets (Silver 3). Recommendations Personally, I would recommend that companies adapt to the new technology that deals with online streaming in order to remain relevant in t he industry. Firms must use internet platforms and other mobile devices as well as introducing new video formats in order for them to achieve higher quality. This will also ensure that the movie industry remains relevant in the market (Silver 3). Conclusion In summary, the paper has critically analyzed the Porter’s and the PESTLE forces in relation to the movie industry. Different forces affects and impacts on the movie industry in different ways. Technological advancement in form of digital technology is one of the main strategic issues that affect the movie industry. The adoption of the new technology by movie theatres can facilitate in accessing various opportunities related to the business. Cheverton, Peter. Key Account Management in Financial Services: Tools and Techniques for Building Strong Relationships with Major Clients. London [u.a.: Kogan Page, 2004. Print. Hill, Charles W. L, and Gareth R. Jones. Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach. Boston, MA: H oughton Mifflin, 2010. Print. Katkin, Michael 2013, External Analysis of Time Warner Inc. in The Entertainment and Film Industry. PDF file. Web. Partridge, Lesley. Strategic Management. London: Financial Times Management, 1999. Print. Silver, Jon n.d., Are Movie Theatres Doomed? Do Exhibitors See The Big Picture As Theatres Lose Their Competitive Advantage, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. PDF file. Web. Slamanig, Markus. Pest Analysis Hungary: Country Evaluation and Selection of Hungary. München: GRIN Verlag GmbH, 2012. Internet resource. Web. Appendix Appendix A Â  Porter’s Forces Threat of Rivalry Very high threat of rivalry Difficult to gain customer loyalty Competition based on advertising and product, expenditure Threat of Substitutes Moderate Different substitutes are readily available due to new technologies Availability of different entertainment outlets in addition to TV and Film entertainment Threat of Buyers Switching costs are relatively low for consumers The threat is low Opportunities for profits are driven by viewer ratings Threat of Suppliers The supply exceeds demand Low supplier threat Threat of Entry Entry and exit costs are very high Low threat of entry Appendix B Â  PESTLE Forces Political Government and other regulatory bodies such as FCC affects production aspects Affects production costs Economic Cost of capital is high Production costs are high Entry and exit costs are high Legal Fines and costs affect profits Reputation is affected by litigations Social What viewers enjoy is influenced by changes in cultural trends Technological Increased use of mobile devices and online for movie viewing New formats of video Production equipment Environmental Production location affects costs Appendix C Barriers to Entry checklist Level Competition High Technological Change High Industry Assistance Medium Concentration Medium Life Cycle Stage Growth Regulation Policy Light Capital Intensity Medium Appendix D

Analysis of primary Document.DOCUMENT 15.1, Magazine article on the Essay

Analysis of primary Document.DOCUMENT 15.1, Magazine article on the changing caracter of immigration, by Kate Claghorn,in Wori - Essay Example Kate Claghorn considers the new system of presenting the statistics of immigration, introduced by Edward F McSweeney, as an effective system of classification, as it helps in disengaging the racial facts and the grouping of same race elements from different countries. According to the author, the predominance of the racial stocks of the Slavs, the Italian, and the Hebrews is the most noticeable feature of contemporary immigration, and these racial stocks are usually considered as lacking social and industrial values. Another characteristic of the recent immigrations is that it is mainly the patient family groups consisting of father, mother, children, grandparents, etc. that composes the major sections of the immigrated population, and the land of freedom and opportunity attract them. Immigration from city slums is practically diminutive, and there is very little immigrant population from cities.

Paid fulltime firefighters are not compensated enough for the job they Essay - 1

Paid fulltime firefighters are not compensated enough for the job they provide citizens - Essay Example This paper will try to point out that despite the seemingly attractive salary of a firefighter in New York, there is a generally perceived low salary for firefighters that restrain many aspirants from seriously considering it as a career. A firefighter’s sworn duty is protect lives and properties from the threats of fire. But most of the time, they also need to respond to emergency calls for public safety from medical, disaster to terrorist acts. Aside from responding to emergency calls and situations, firefighters also include in their duty to educate the public for fire prevention as well as aid in the investigation process for cases that involve fire or arson (NYFD, 2). The firefighters are expected to be ready to serve, brave enough to bring other people and properties to safety despite threats to their own lives, committed and prepared to perform their duties (NYFD, 3). Prevost et al (42) suggested that firefighters face tremendous occupational accidents and the job requires physical and mental professionalism to be able to perform satisfactorily. They encounter in their job aerobic capacity and significant motor coordination. In one study, it was found that many firefighters do not receive salaries but work on voluntary basis, receive minimal government support, and work only as required and when needed, specifically in emergency situations only (Monares, Ochoa, Pino, Herskovic, Rodriguez-Covili, and Neyem, 36). In responding to emergency situations, the firefighters are expected to be aware of full information about the situation in order to take control. These information includes the dangers of the fire, type of fire, size, evolution; affected areas, building blueprints, emergency exits and access, electric or gas network; surrounding key resources such as schools, elderly care homes, chemical industries; the update of response process such as the number of fire trucks and firefighters in the area and capabilities of

Juvenile delinquency Essay Example for Free

Juvenile delinquency Essay The controversy surrounding the extent and causation of delinquency would be eliminated if a uniform meaning could be attributed to the term delinquency. This word however is not used in a uniform manner not only among individuals but also consistently by a single individual. Juvenile delinquency means and represents many things to many individuals. To the police, a delinquent juvenile may be an underage criminal; to the school authorities, the rude boy who smokes in the washroom may represent delinquency. To parents, other peoples children who are uncontrolled are termed as delinquents while to the storekeeper, the gang of boys who loiter around may be their conception of delinquents. Even social workers and experts who work with children lack agreement on the limits of the concept. In some sectors, authorities discuss delinquency as emotionally disturbed behavior while others refer to persistently anti-social behavior. Some researchers on the other hand have defined it as a disappointing behavior beyond reasonable expectation. This confusion with regard to the meaning of delinquency is a problem that naturally emanates from any attempt to satisfactorily define, in less descriptive sentences, a kind of social problem which is neither legal nor behavioral (Roucek*). Any definition which works for the agency, school or neighborhood is right in its own context as any other definition. However, the numerous assortments of behavior that have been referred to as delinquency do not entirely differ; they only vary in their range. While functionally, a youth who is not liked by the neighbors may be termed delinquent in that particular neighborhood, it is within the law that the meaning of juvenile delinquency finds its ultimate basis. The legal foundation of juvenile delinquency can be traced back to the development of legal philosophy which exempted children from guilt for criminal acts. Even though the distinction between adult and child is a very old concept, the idea of juvenile courts and separate custody for young violators is a relatively new phenomenon*. Children under the age of seven years were deemed incapable of criminal acts in Roman law. This has extended to the present period. Throughout the development of criminal law in the United States, childhood has acted as defense to criminal liability. This was founded on the assumption that a child is not capable of men’s rea. The culpability of children between seven and puberty was further distinguished by the Romans, and later the English, with the assumption being that children within this category are not capable of crimes unless there was sufficient evidence presented that they did comprehend the wrongness of their action. An early New York statute followed this policy but was later extended to fourteen and again to sixteen. Presently, all states have increased their maximum age limit beyond puberty. The most popular age limit of childhood is eighteen, sixteen, seventeen and twenty one in that order. The pioneer court legislation of the State of Illinois is accredited with offering the first legal distinction of delinquency from crime in 1899. The definition that was used during that time is still applied in the state besides serving as a model for many other states. According to this definition, the words â€Å"delinquent child† means â€Å"any male child under the age of seventeen years or any female child who while under the age of eighteen years, violates any law of the state; or is incorrigible, or knowingly associate with thieves, vicious or immoral persons, or without just cause and without the consent of its parents, guardians or custodian, absents itself from its home or place of abode, or is growing up in idleness or crime; or knowingly frequents a house of ill-repute; or knowingly frequents any policy shop or place where any gaming device is operated; or frequents any saloon or dram shop where intoxicating liquors are sold; or patronizes or visits any public pool room or bucket shop; or wonders about the streets in the night without being on any lawful business or lawful occupation; or habitually wonders about any railroad yards or tracks or jumps or attempts to jump onto any moving train; or enters any car or engine without la wful authority; or uses vile, obscene, vulgar, profane or indecent language in any public place or about any school house; or is guilty of indecent or lascivious conduct†*. Any child who commits any of these acts is deemed a delinquent child. Delinquency in this regard can be seen as any act committed by a child which would be a crime if committed by an adult. In this sense, delinquent behavior is restricted to violation of criminal law. The law however does not solve the differences in definition. Criminal laws vary from state to state even though there is an element of uniformity and specificity in their view of felonies. However, they are not very specific on their definitions of misdemeanors. This is just the start of the non-specificity that characterizes the definition of juvenile delinquency. From the definition according to Illinois law, a child is defined as any male under the age of seventeen or female under the age of eighteen. This age varies from state to state with the majority considering juveniles as boys and girls under the age of eighteen. In California, one may be considered a juvenile until he or she reaches the age of twenty one. In states such as Georgia, one ceases to be a juvenile after he or she attains the age of sixteen. However, majority of the states lack any clear demarcation as one may be prosecuted as an adult for more serious crimes before attaining the upper limit of juvenile status. In Illinois, an individual may be tried as an adult criminal after he or she attains the age of ten. In the United States, the states of New Hampshire, Oklahoma and Virginia lack an age range where there is jurisdiction of both juvenile delinquency law and adult criminal law. In the remaining states, there is variation in the duration of this period of dual jurisdiction. In Wisconsin and Indiana, it is sixteen to eighteen while in California, it is eighteen to twenty one. In law, delinquency is a much wide concept even though the terms are often used interchangeably in popular discourse. Delinquency encompasses all acts committed by a child which would be considered a crime is committed by an adult. It also encompasses a wide array of loosely defined behavior which legislators conceived of to be conducive to crime. The law on delinquency is thus designed to bar juveniles from growing into adult criminals besides dealing with crimes committed by juveniles. Any concept that lacks a definite definition such as delinquency cannot be adequately measured. However, statistics on delinquency are compiled on local, state and national basis. When appraising the significance of such statistics, much care should be taken. Several things can be implied when referring to the quantity of delinquency in a particular area or in a given period of time. One may mean the number of juveniles; say ten to seventeen years of age, who have violated particular standards of behavior which also may not be precisely defined. Again, a reference may be made on the number of such youth who are detected in such behavior. It may also mean the number of cases that have been handled by the official agencies and finally, it may mean the cases that have been formally heard by a juvenile court and adjudged delinquent. In the United States, the most commonly cited statistics on delinquency refer to the court cases which is the narrowest category of delinquents. The Juvenile Court Statistics which is published yearly by the Childrens Bureau of the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare contain these statistics. The compilation begun in 1923 and has undergone drastic alterations and revisions over the decades. It contains reports on the number of youth’s adjudicated delinquent and is founded on a tabulation of separate court judgments in a particular year.

Crime and Punishment Quotes :: essays research papers

1. â€Å"†¦all is in a man's hands and he lets it all slip from cowardice, that's an axiom. It would be interesting to know what it is men are most afraid of.† –Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By saying this Raskolnikov suggests that men are capable of doing whatever they wish, and the only thing that holds them back are their fears. Because of this Raskolnikov wonders what man’s greatest fear is, and with that comes the one thing that no man is capable of doing. 2. â€Å"†¦for though Pyotr Petrovitch has been so kind as to undertake part of the expenses of the journey, that is to say, he has taken upon himself the conveyance of our bags and big trunks.† -Pulcheria Alexandrovna Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This is a passage from the letter that Rodion’s mother sent to him, his mother is telling him that Dounia’s fiancà © has taken care of the traveling expenses for Dounia and her mother to St. Petersburg. 3. â€Å"I see that I want nothing. Do you hear? Nothing at all . . . no one's services . . . no one's sympathy. I am by myself . . . alone. Come, that's enough. Leave me alone.† - Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After burying the goods he stole from the pawn broker, Raskolnikov is walking around and decides to visit his friend Razumihin. At first it is almost as if Raskolnikov planned on asking his friend for advice about what he should do about the murders he committed. However, he becomes very nervous and leaves his friend’s home as quickly as possible. 4. â€Å"Life is real! haven't I lived just now? My life has not yet died with that old woman! The Kingdom of Heaven to her--and now enough, madam, leave me in peace! Now for the reign of reason and light . . . and of will, and of strength!† –Raskolnikov   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Through speaking with Marmeladov’s daughter, Polenka, Raskolnikov realizes that life is worth living, and that it can still hold an important meaning. This sheds light on the fact that Raskolnikov realizes that even if a person is not capable of doing good, their life should not be ended. 5. â€Å"Ordinary men have to live in submission, have no right to transgress the law, because, don't you see, they are ordinary. But extraordinary men have a right to commit any crime and to transgress the law in any way, just because they are extraordinary.

Valuable Traditional Events on New Year’s Day

A racial group or an ethnic group is defined by its culture and religion. This is because the collective actions of people who belong to the same group are guided by that group’s cultural values and religious beliefs. The global community consists of several racial and ethnic groups with different sets of cultural values and religious beliefs. The differences in these beliefs explain why people all over the world do not dress alike (Muslim women are prohibited from wearing skimpy clothes which are popular among western women); do not eat the same food (unlike Christians, Muslims do not eat pork); and do not treat one another in the same manner (western women are allowed more freedom than Muslim women). Sometimes these differences are minor and easily ignored, thereby facilitating relationships across cultures. At other times, however, such differences become very antagonistic and irreconcilable as to develop into major irritants and even cause wars. Since people from different cultures believe and behave differently, traditions also vary across cultures. Traditions consist of the customs and practices which people consider important enough to hand down from generation to generation in order to preserve their core cultural values and beliefs. Every culture has several important traditions. In Korea, for example, one of the most important traditions is the manner of celebrating the biggest event of every year: New Year’s Day. Seol-Nal in the Korean language, the celebration starts with all Koreans, children and adults alike, greeting one another with the usual â€Å"Happy New Year† greeting. Actually, the actual Korean greeting, when literally translated into English, means: â€Å"I wish you have a great year and good luck this year. † Koreans greet one another while bowing their heads. Children, particularly, are enjoying this bowing and greeting tradition. While the tradition is for elder people to give their advice to their family members who bow to them, when children do the bowing, tradition dictates that the elders should give them â€Å"lucky money. † This tradition dates back as early as four hundred years ago. Children, therefore, could get â€Å"lucky money† from their parents, their aunts and uncles, and their grandparents. Koreans consider this a very important tradition because it shows their elders’ desire for the success of the members of their families. Therefore, this â€Å"lucky money† is a means of helping them start their new year in a prosperous manner. For the children, â€Å"lucky money† means new clothes, backpacks, pens and pencils because they want to return to school with brand new clothes and school supplies. Because of the importance of the New Year’s Day celebration, Koreans, wherever they are, make it a point to do their utmost in order to go back home to celebrate this event together with their families since most of them are now living elsewhere because of their jobs. Korean families of two hundred years ago usually lived in one big house where they could always have time to talk about their affairs and their problems. Nowadays, the New Year’s Day celebration is the only occasion during which they could be together again and talk just like old times. The celebration actually starts on the eve of the New Year called Sut dal kum mum in the Korean language. To prepare for the New Year, Koreans clean their houses thoroughly. After the house-cleaning, they light halogens of different colors. Then they take hot water bath and light sticks made of bamboo because they believe that doing so would drive the evil spirits away. Koreans do not sleep during New Year’s Eve. The belief is that when one goes to sleep, his or her eyebrows â€Å"would turn white. † Then the coming of the New Year is welcomed by switching on all the lights in the whole house and keeping their eyes wide open (Society for the Confluence of Festivities in India). Then they take their bath early the following morning, New Year’s Day, and dress themselves up in new clothes. Afterwards, the bowing and giving of â€Å"lucky money† begins immediately. Meanwhile, the day is spent by Korean women in cooking delicious meals. Almost all Koreans cook the traditional rice-cake soup called â€Å"Deok-Guk† on New Year’s Day. According to them, this stands for purity because its color is white. The Korean saying is that if â€Å"Deok-Guk† is served on New Year’s Day, those who eat will have a longer life because the rice cake used in making the soup are long. Korean children love â€Å"Deok-Guk† because they believe that they will grow faster and taller when they eat it during this day. Aside from â€Å"Deok-Guk,† Koreans also cook many healthy recipes which contain plenty of meat and vegetables (SCFI). Koreans, in keeping with tradition, also celebrate the day by drinking a special kind of liquor which, according to them, improves their hearing power. In other words, when they drink this liquor on New Year’s Day, they are convinced that their sense of hearing will be in excellent condition throughout the year. Their ancestors are also part of the celebration. In a ritual which they call Chesa, the ancestors are being energized so that they could bless their descendants. This ritual is being conducted in a clean room where there is an altar with foods on it according to a specified arrangement. First, the meat is placed on the left side of the altar and the rice drink is on the right side of the altar. Then all items colored white should be on the western side and the red-colored foods on the eastern side. In addition, if any food contains heads and tails, the head should be situated on the east while the tail should be positioned facing west. Finally, using a special paper which Koreans call Chi Bang, the name of the male ancestors are then written clearly on the left side while the female ancestors’ name are written on the right, arranged in the order of their ages. For instance, the names of the great grandparents come first, followed by the names of the grandparents, then the names of the parents if they are already dead. This particular ritual, according to Koreans, is being observed in order to obtain the blessings of their descendants (SCFI). Koreans also believe that their ancestors are living in the sky and are always ready to protect them. Because of this belief, one of their traditions is a memorial service conducted for their ancestors. First, they prepare different kinds of food and then place them, together with the framed photographs of their ancestors, on a big table. Then every member of the family should bow in front of the photographs of their ancestors two times at the same time wishing for the protection of the whole family. After everybody is done with the bowing, the elders offer alcoholic drink to their ancestors. Then everybody is allowed to spend a quiet time in the room so that they can talk with their ancestors. Afterwards, everybody leaves the room and silence is maintained in the whole house to enable the ancestors to come down from the sky and eat the food prepared for them. Most Koreans observe this custom which is believed to be one thousand years old already. After the rituals have been observed, the family members, especially the children, find time to play. Most of the games being played are outdoor games because they are considered good for the health, especially for children. Some of the more popular outdoor games for New Year’s Day are tops-spinning, kite flying, and the Korean game called Jae gi cha gi which is like the game where hacky sacks are kicked. Another traditional game which is very popular among Koreans because it could be played almost anywhere is called Yut-nol-ee. This game is usually played during the New Year’s Day and everyday until the fifteenth day of January. Children are very fond of this game because it involves stick-throwing (SCFI). People from different cultural backgrounds observe their traditional events every year not only to commemorate significant occasions but more importantly, to be able to hand down tradition from generation to generation for the purpose of preserving their core cultural values. This is the most effective method of keeping their cultures alive. Koreans subscribe to this school of thought. This is why efforts are being exerted to require the current generation and the generations to come to keep Korean traditions alive no matter what. It is all right for Koreans if people from different cultural backgrounds celebrate the New Year differently and sometimes even on different dates. What is important is for people across cultures to respect each others’ traditions and preserve the cultures of the world.

Learn About the Falklands War

Fought in 1982, the Falklands War was the result of the Argentine invasion of the British-owned Falkland Islands. Located in the South Atlantic, Argentina had long claimed these islands as part of its territory. On April 2, 1982, Argentine forces landed in the Falklands, capturing the islands two days later. In response, the British dispatched a naval and amphibious task force to the area. The initial phases of the conflict occurred mainly at sea between elements of the Royal Navy and the Argentine Air Force. On May 21, British troops landed and by June 14 had compelled the Argentine occupiers to surrender. Dates The Falklands War began on April 2, 1982, when Argentine troops landed in the Falkland Islands. The fighting ended on June 14, following the British liberation of the islands capital, Port Stanley, and the surrender of Argentine forces in the Falklands. The British declared a formal end to military activity on June 20. Prelude and Invasion In early 1982, President Leopoldo Galtieri, the head of Argentinas ruling military junta, authorized the invasion of the British Falkland Islands. The operation was designed to draw attention away from human rights and economic issues at home by bolstering national pride and giving teeth to the nations long-held claim on the islands. After an incident between British and Argentine forces on nearby South Georgia Island, Argentine forces landed in the Falklands on April 2. The small garrison of Royal Marines resisted, however by April 4 the Argentines had captured the capital at Port Stanley. Argentine troops also landed on South Georgia and quickly secured the island. British Response After organizing diplomatic pressure against Argentina, Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher ordered the assembly of a naval task force to retake the islands. After the House of Commons voted to approve Thatchers actions on April 3, she formed a War Cabinet which first met three days later. Commanded by Admiral Sir John Fieldhouse, the task force consisted of several groups, the largest of which was centered on the aircraft carriers HMS Hermes and HMS Invincible. Led by Rear Admiral Sandy Woodward, this group contained the Sea Harrier fighters that would provide air cover for the fleet. In mid-April, Fieldhouse began moving south, with a large fleet of tankers and cargo ships to supply the fleet while it operated more than 8,000 miles from home. All told, 127 ships served in the task force including 43 warships, 22 Royal Fleet Auxiliaries, and 62 merchant vessels. First Shots As the fleet sailed south to its staging area at Ascension Island, it was shadowed by Boeing 707s from the Argentine Air Force. On April 25, British forces sank the submarine ARA Santa Fe near South Georgia shortly before troops led by Major Guy Sheridan of the Royal Marines liberated the island. Five days later, operations against the Falklands began with the Black Buck raids by RAF Vulcan bombers flying from Ascension. These saw the bombers strike the runway at Port Stanley and radar facilities in the area. That same day Harriers attacked various targets, as well as shot down three Argentine aircraft. As the runway at Port Stanley was too short for modern fighters, the Argentine Air Force was forced to fly from the mainland, which placed them at a disadvantage throughout the conflict (Map). Fighting at Sea While cruising west of the Falklands on May 2, the submarine HMS Conqueror spotted the light cruiser ARA General Belgrano. Conqueror fired three torpedoes, hitting the World War II-vintage Belgrano twice and sinking it. This attack led to the Argentine fleet, including the carrier  ARA Veinticinco de Mayo, remaining in port for the rest of the war. Two days later, they had their revenge when an Exocet anti-ship missile, launched from an Argentine Super Étendard fighter, struck HMS Sheffield setting it ablaze. Having been ordered forward to serve as a radar picket, the destroyer was hit amidships and the resulting explosion severed its high-pressure fire main. After attempts to stop the fire failed, the ship was abandoned. The sinking of Belgrano cost 323 Argentines killed, while the attack on Sheffield resulted in 20 British dead. Landing at San Carlos Water On the night of May 21, the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp moved into Falkland Sound and began landing British forces at San Carlos Water on the northwest coast of East Falkland. The landings had been preceded by a Special Air Service (SAS) raid on nearby Pebble Islands airfield. When the landings had finished, approximately 4,000 men, commanded by Brigadier Julian Thompson, had been put ashore. Over the next week, the ships supporting the landings were hit hard by low-flying Argentine aircraft. The sound was soon dubbed Bomb Alley as HMS Ardent (May 22), HMS Antelope (May 24), and HMS Coventry (May 25) all sustained hits and were sunk, as was MV Atlantic Conveyor (May 25) with a cargo of helicopters and supplies. Goose Green, Mount Kent, and Bluff Cove/Fitzroy Thompson began pushing his men south, planning to secure the western side of the island before moving east to Port Stanley. On May 27/28, 600 men under Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Jones outfought over 1,000 Argentines around Darwin and Goose Green, ultimately forcing them to surrender. Leading a critical charge, Jones was killed later received the Victoria Cross posthumously. A few days later, British commandos defeated Argentine commandos on Mount Kent. In early June, an additional 5,000 British troops arrived and command shifted to Major General Jeremy Moore. While some of these troops were disembarking at Bluff Cove and Fitzroy, their transports, RFA Sir Tristram and RFA Sir Galahad, were attacked killing 56 (Map). Fall of Port Stanley After consolidating his position, Moore began the assault on Port Stanley. British troops launched simultaneous assaults on the high ground surrounding the town on the night of June 11. After heavy fighting, they succeeded in capturing their objectives. The attacks continued two nights later, and British units took the towns last natural lines of defense at Wireless Ridge and Mount Tumbledown. Encircled on land and blockaded at sea, the Argentine commander, General Mario Menà ©ndez, realized his situation was hopeless and surrendered his 9,800 men on June 14, effectively ending the conflict. Aftermath and Casualties In Argentina, the defeat led to the removal of Galtieri three days after the fall of Port Stanley. His downfall spelled the end for the military junta that had been ruling the country and paved the way for the restoration of democracy. For Britain, the victory provided a much-needed boost to its national confidence, reaffirmed its international position, and assured victory for the Thatcher Government in the 1983 elections. The settlement that ended the conflict called for a return to status quo ante bellum. Despite its defeat, Argentina still claims the Falklands and South Georgia. During the war, Britain suffered 258 killed and 777 wounded. In addition, two destroyers, two frigates, and two auxiliary vessels were sunk. For Argentina, the Falklands War cost 649 killed, 1,068 wounded, and 11,313 captured. In addition, the Argentine Navy lost a submarine, a light cruiser, and seventy-five fixed-wing aircraft.